Apa sih TERMOKIMIA itu??

APA ITU TERMOKIMIA ???

Termokimia dapat didefinisikan sebagai bagian ilmu kimia yang mempelajari dinamika atau perubahan reaksi kimia dengan mengamati panas/termal nya saja. Salah satu terapan ilmu ini dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ialah reaksi kimia dalam tubuh kita dimana produksi dari energi-energi yang dibutuhkan atau dikeluarkan untuk semua tugas yang kita lakukan. Pembakaran dari bahan bakar seperti minyak dan batu bara dipakai untuk pembangkit listrik. Bensin yang dibakar dalam mesin mobil akan menghasilkan kekuatan yang menyebabkan mobil berjalan. Bila kita mempunyai kompor gas berarti kita membakar gas metan (komponen utama dari gas alam) yang menghasilkan panas untuk memasak. Dan melalui urutan reaksi yang disebut metabolisme, makanan yang dimakan akan menghasilkan energi yang kita perlukan untuk tubuh agar berfungsi.
Termokimia membahas hubungan antara kalor sengan reaksi kimia atau proses-proses yang berhubungan dengan reaksi kimia. Dalam praktiknya termokimia lebih banyak berhubungan dengan pengukuran kalor yang menyertai kimia atau proses- proses yang berhubungan dengan perubahan struktur zat, misalnya perubahan wujud atau perubahan struktur kristal. Untuk mempelajari perubahan kalor dari suatu proses perlu kiranya dikaji beberapa hal yang berhubungan dengan energi apa saja yang dimiliki oleh suatu zat, bagaimana energi tersebut berubah, bagaimana mengukur perubahan energi tersebut, serta bagaimana pula hubungannya dengan struktur zat.
BERBAGAI PERISTIWA TERMOKIMIA
Misalkan kita akan melakukan reaksi kimia dalam suatu tempat tertutup sehingga tak ada panas yang dapat keluar atau masuk kedalam campuran reaksi tersebut. Atau reaksi dilakukan sedemikian rupa sehingga energi total tetap sama. Juga misalkan energi potensial dari hasil reaksi lebih rendah dari energi potensial pereaksi sehingga waktu reaksi terjadi ada penurunan energi potensial. Tetapi energi ini tak dapat hilang begitu saja karena energi total (kinetik dan potensial) harus tetap konstan. Sebab itu, bila energi potensialnya turun, maka energi kinetiknya harus naik berarti energi potensial berubah menjadi energi kinetik. Penambahan jumlah energi kinetik akan menyebabkan harga rata-rata energi kinetik dari molekulmolekul naik, yang kita lihat sebagai kenaikan temperatur dari campuran reaksi. Campuran reaksi menjadi panas.
Kebanyakan reaksi kimia tidaklah tertutup dari dunia luar. Bila campuran reaksi menjadi panas seperti digambarkan dibawah, panas dapat mengalir ke sekelilingnya. Setiap perubahan yang dapat melepaskan energi ke sekelilingnya seperti ini disebut perubahan eksoterm. Perhatikan bahwa bila terjadi reaksi eksoterm, temperatur dari campuran reaksi akan naik dan energi potensial dari zat-zat kimia yang bersangkutan akan turun.
Kadang-kadang perubahan kimia terjadi dimana ada kenaikan energi potensial dari zat-zat bersangkutan. Bila hal ini terjadi, maka energi kinetiknya akan turun sehingga temperaturnya juga turun. Bila sistem tidak tertutup di sekelilingnya, panas dapat mengalir ke campuran reaksi dan perubahannya disebut perubahan endoterm. Perhatikan bahwa bila terjadi suatu reaksi endoterm, temperatur dari campuran reaksi akan turun dan energi potensial dari zat-zat yang ikut dalam reaksi akan naik.
Peristiwa kebakaran menghasilkan panas dapat dilihat seperti gambar berikut.

10 Attributes of a Great Leader

What do you believe are the attributes of a great leader? I asked this question to a group of friends recently and their answers were surprisingly all similar to my answers. Most of the friends I hang out with on a regular basis are under thirty and it got me thinking about the style of leadership my generation is seeking. Here are ten attributes of a leader. I wonder if they are similar to what you would say…

1. Humble: A leader that does not consider oneself better than everyone else yet is confident and assertive. A leader that is a servant at heart and a commander in practice.
2. People Builder: A leader that invests time and resources into the personal development of their team. A leader that teaches, coaches, and shares their wisdom and experience with others to help them become stronger leaders. They encourage, uplift, and praise their employees when their performance aligns with the vision and convictions of the company.
3. Visionary: A leader that has a vision and purpose. They communicate that vision regularly and are willing to allow others to create their own vision under the umbrella of the overall company vision. A leader that is positive and willing to encourage others to greatness.
4. Ability to Execute: A leader that is able to turn words into action and inspire others to give their best every day. They know the strategy of the company and execute it daily.
5. Willing to Listen and be Challenged: A leader that cares to hear other view points, makes decisions based on input from others, and does not mind having ideas challenged. They actively listen to the needs and wants of their people.
6. Candid Communicator: A leader that is a straight-shooter and honest with employees. They don’t sugar coat bad news and they don’t hold back praise. They give you honest feedback on performance and areas of improvement. They connect with their employees through open and consistent communication. They are not afraid to talk about the tough issues.
7. Risk Taker: A leader that is not afraid to try new strategies, adapt to ever changing markets, and implement the ideas of workers in the trenches. They confidently take risks that align with their overall vision.
8. Surrounded by Other Leaders: A leader that is surrounded by other great leaders. Someone that knows their weaknesses and finds the right people to fill those gaps. They promote leadership development from within the company.
9. Makes Conviction Based Decisions: A leader that consistently returns to the convictions/values of the company when decisions are being made. Decisions reflect the values of the organization and are in line with vision and mission.
10. Believes in Accountability: A leader that is not afraid to be held accountable and is not afraid to hold people accountable to performance standards. Does not allow mediocrity to exist. Works with employees to create performance standards and goals. Has the right people in the right seats on the bus.

Mother's Day in Islam

”In Islam Each Day is Mother’s Day So Muslims Respect their Mother’s More than any Community of the World ” Anonymous

Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “Worship Allaah and join none with Him (in worship); and do good to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, Al-Masaakeen (the poor), the neighbour who is near of kin, the neighbour who is a stranger, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (you meet), and those (slaves) whom your right hands possess. Verily, Allaah does not like such as are proud and boastful” [al-Nisa' 4:36]

And Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): “And your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him. And that you be dutiful to your parents. If one of them or both of them attain old age in your life, say not to them a word of disrespect, nor shout at them but address them in terms of honour” [al-Isra' 17:23]

It was narrated that Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: “A man came to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and said: ‘O Messenger of Allaah, who among the people is most deserving of my good company?’ He said, ‘Your mother.’ He asked, ‘Then who?’ He said, ‘Your mother.’ He asked, ‘Then who?’ He said, ‘Your mother.’ He asked, ‘Then who?’ He said, ‘Then your father.’” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5626; Muslim, 2548)

Al- Haafiz ibn Hajar said: “Ibn Battaal said: what this means is that the mother should be honoured three times more than the father. He said, that is because of the difficulties of pregnancy, then giving birth, then breastfeeding.These are hardships that are experienced only by the mother, then the father shares with her in raising the child. 

This is also referred to in the aayah (interpretation of the meaning): ‘And We have enjoined on man (to be dutiful and good) to his parents. His mother bore him in weakness and hardship upon weakness and hardship, and his weaning is in two years’ [Luqmaan 31:14]

So the recommendation to be dutiful and good refers to both parents, but the mother’s share is greater because of the three things mentioned above.

Al-Qurtubi said: what is meant is that the mother deserves a greater share of her child’s honour, and her rights take precedence over those of the father in cases where a choice must be made. ‘Iyaad said: the majority of scholars were of the view that the mother takes precedence over the father in terms of honouring one’s parents.

And it was said that both must be honoured equally, and this was narrated by some from Maalik, but the former view is the one which is correct.” (Fath al-Baari, 10/402).

Indeed, even if one’s mother is a mushrikah (polytheist), the wise and pure sharee’ah of Islam encourages one to uphold ties of kinship with her: It was narrated that Asma’ bint Abi Bakr (may Allaah be pleased with them both) said: “My mother came to visit me at the time of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and she was a mushrikah. I consulted the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), saying, ‘My mother has come to visit me for some purpose, should I uphold ties of kinship with my mother?’ He said, ‘Yes, uphold ties of kinship with your mother.’” (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 2477) It is extremely unfortunate that Muslims throughout the world have begun to adopt and practice western ideas and understanding when it comes to the quality of relationship between the mother and child.

For Muslims to begin to selfishly adopt a single day out of the whole year to express gratitude and show a materialistic form of affection. Islam has no need of things that are innovated by others, be it Mother’s Day of anything else. Its teachings on the honouring of mothers mean that it has no need for an innovated Mother’s Day. Standing Committee for Academic Research and Issuing Fatwas issued a statement: It is not permissible to celebrate the so-called Mother’s Day and similar innovated festivals because the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever innovates something in this matter of ours (Islam) that is not part of it will have it rejected.” He (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did not celebrate Mother’s Day and neither did any of his companions (may Allaah be pleased with them) or the salaf (earliest generations) of this ummah. Rather it is an innovation (bid’ah) and imitation of the non Muslims.

“This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed My Favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion” [al-Maa'idah 5:2]

Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah, 3/86 In light of this, Muslims should be aware that honouring and showing sincere affection and gratitude to the mother is a full time duty that should be practiced each and everyday of ones life, to merely set aside a single day and feel you have fulfilled their rights is a gross misconduct to the parents and the teachings of the Prophets (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).

“And We have enjoined on man (to be dutiful and good) to his parents. His mother bore him in weakness and hardship upon weakness and hardship, and his weaning is in two years give thanks to Me and to your parents. Unto Me is the final destination” [Luqmaan 31:14] And Allaah knows best.

Paradise is under The Mother feet

A man once consulted the Prophet Muhammad about taking part in a military campaign. The Prophet asked the man if his mother was still living. When told that she was alive, the Prophet said: “(Then) stay with her, for Paradise is at her feet.” (Al-Tirmidhi) On another occasion, the Prophet said: “God has forbidden for you to be undutiful to your mothers.” (Sahih Al-Bukhari)
One of the things I have always appreciated about my adopted faith is not only its emphasis on maintaining the bonds of kinship, but also the high regard in which women, particularly mothers, are held. The Quran, Islam’s revealed text, states: “And revere the wombs that bore you, for God is ever watchful over you.” (4:1)
It should be obvious that our parents deserve our utmost respect and devotion – second only to God.

Speaking in the Quran, God ays: “Show gratitude to Me and to thy parents; to Me is thy final Goal.” (31:14)

The fact that God has mentioned parents in the same verse as Himself shows the extent to which we should strive in our efforts to serve the mothers and fathers who sacrificed so much for us. Doing so will help us to become better people.
In that same verse, God says: “We have enjoined on man (to be good) to his parents: in travail upon travail did his mother bear him.”
In other words, the debt we owe to our mothers is magnified due to the difficult nature of pregnancy – not to mention the nurturing and attention paid to us in infancy.
Another narration, or “Hadith,” from the life of the Prophet Muhammad again shows us just how much we owe to our mothers.
A man once asked the Prophet to whom he should show the most kindness. The Prophet replied: “Your mother, next your mother, next your mother, and then your father.” (Sunan of Abu-Dawood) In other words, we must treat our mothers in a manner befitting their exalted position – and, again, revere the wombs that bore us.
The Arabic word for womb is “rahem.” Rahem is derived from the word for mercy. In Islamic tradition, one of God’s 99 names is “Al-Raheem,” or “the Most Merciful.”
There exists, therefore, a unique connection between God and the womb. Through the womb, we get a glimpse of the Almighty’s qualities and attributes. It nurtures, feeds and shelters us in the early stages of life. The womb can be viewed as one manifestation of divinity in the world.
One cannot help but make the parallel between a Loving God and a compassionate Mother. Interestingly, the Quran does not portray God as exclusively male or female. As a matter of fact, by revering our mothers, we are paying respect to God.
Each of us should appreciate what we have in our mothers. They are our teachers and our role models. Every day with them is an opportunity to grow as a person. Every day away from them is a missed opportunity.
I lost my own mother to breast cancer on April 19, 2003. Though the pain of losing her is still with me and her memory lives on in my siblings and me, I sometimes worry that I might forget what a blessing she was for me.

For me, Islam is the best reminder of my mother’s presence. With daily encouragement from the Quran and the living example of the Prophet Muhammad, I know I will always keep her memory close to my heart. She is my rahem, my connection to the divine. On this Mother’s Day, I am grateful for the occasion to reflect on that.

Indonesia International Airports, Harbour and Cross Border which are facilitating Visa on Arrival

Airport

1. Sultan Iskandar Muda airport - Banda Aceh, Aceh
2. Polonia Airport - Medan, North Sumatera
3. Sultan Syarif Kasim II Airport - Pekanbaru, Riau
4. Minangkabau International Airport - Padang, West Sumatera
5. Hang Nadim International Airport - Batam, Riau
6. Sultan Mahmud Badarudin II Airport - Palembang, South Sumatera
7. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport - Jakarta, DKI Jakarta
8. Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport - Jakarta, DKI Jakarta
9. Juanda International Airport - Surabaya, East Java
10. Adi Sucipto International Airport - Jogjakarta, DI Jogjakarta
11. Adi Sumarmo International Airport - Surakarta, Central Java
12. Husein Sastranegara International Airport - Bandung, West Java
13. Ahmad Yani International Airport - Semarang, Central Java
14. Ngurah Rai International Airport - Denpasar, Bali
15. Selaparang International Airport - Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara
16. El Tari Airport - Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara
17. Hasaudin International Airport - Makasar, South Sulawesi
18. Sam Ratulangi International Airport - Manado, North Sulawesi
19. Sepinggan International Airport - Balikpapan, East Kalimantan
20. Supadio International Airport - Pontianak, West Kalimantan

Harbour

1. Sekupang; Citra Tritunas; Nongsa; Marina Teluk Senimba; Batam Centre - Batam, Riau Islands
2. Bandar Bintan Telani lagoi; Bandar Sri Udana Lobam - Tanjung Uban, Riau Islands
3. Sri Bintan pura - Tanung Pinang, Riau Islands
4. Tanjung Balai Karimun - Tanjung Balai Karimun, Riau Islands
5. Belawan - Belawan, North Sumatera
6. Sibolga - Sibolga, North Sumatera
7. Yos Sudarso - Dumai, Riau
8. Teluk Bayur - Padang, West Sumatera
9. Tanjung Priok - Jakarta, DKI Jakarta
10. Tanjung Mas - Semarang, Central Java
11. Padan Bai - Karang Asem, Bali
12. Benoa - Badung, Bali
13. Bitung - Bitung, North Sulawesi
14. Soekarno-Hatta - Makasar, South sulawesi
15. Pare-Pare - Pare-Pare , South Sulawesi
16. Maumere - Maumere, East Nusa Tenggara
17. Tenau - Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara
18. Jayapura - Jayapura, Papua

Cross Border

1. entikong (cross border) - Entikong, West Kalimantan

Broccoli

Broccoli / Brassica oleracea

Broccoli is a vegetable, Broccoli is cool-season crop that, like spinach, can be grown in the spring or fall. In fact, you may be able to get a continual harvest throughout both seasons if you time planting correctly. A member of the cabbage family, broccoli is rich in vitamins.

Planting

1. Broccoli is hardy; it can germinate at temps as low as 40ºF.
2. Broccoli requires full sun and moist, fertile soil that's slightly acidic.
3. For spring plantings, direct sow outdoors (or transplant seedlings) 2 to 3 weeks before last spring frost date.
4. If you transplant, assume 10 less days for growth or the "days to maturity" on the seed packet.Space plants 12 to 24 inches apart, depending on the side heads you want to harvest.
5. Plant seeds 1 inch deep, 3 inches apart. You will need to thin seedlings.

Regular Watering

 Care

1. Fertilize three weeks after transplanting.
2. Provide consistent soil moisture with regular watering, especially in drought conditions. Some varieties of broccoli are heat tolerant, but all need moisture.
3. Do not get developing heads wet when watering.
4. Roots are very shallow, do not cultivate. Suffocate weeds with mulch.
5. Mulch will also help to keep soil temperatures down.

 Harvest/Storage

Harvesting..

1. Cut heads from the plant, taking desired amount of stem. Taking at least 6 inches of stem is recommended.
2. Broccoli heads will flower if left on the plant too long. Harvest while buds are just starting to swell before head begins to loosen from plant.
3. Late harvesting may also cause a woody or nutty flavor in the stem.
4. For best taste, harvest in the morning before the soil heats up.
5. Cut the stalk of the main head at a slant, about 5 to 8 inches below the head.
6. Store broccoli in the refrigerator for up to 5 days. If you wash before storing, make sure to dry it thoroughly.

Kauri - New Zealand Native plant.

Kauri Tree compared to human

Kauri are among the world's mightiest trees, growing to more than 50 metres tall, with trunk girths of up to 16 metres and living for more than 2000 years. Kauri forests once covered 1.2 million hectares from the Far North of Northland to Te Kauri, near Kawhia and were common when the first people arrived around 1000 years ago.

 Maori people used kauri timber for boat building, carving and building houses. The gum was used as a fire starter and for chewing (after it had been soaked in water and mixed with the milk of the puha plant).

 The gum too, became essential in the manufacture of varnishes and other resin-based products. The gum was obtained through digging, fossicking in treetops, or more drastically, by bleeding live trees.

For more about Kauri Tree, visit
http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-plants/kauri/

Mahurangi post office 1867 at warkworth museum

Kauri park close to Auckland is on Parry Kauri Park. There is also museum inside the park.  Inside the museum are displays of the kauri digging implements, photographs of gum-digging, giant pieces of kauri gum, saws, native timber, bushman's hut and other items connected with the Gum Digging Days.
On the far side of the carpark there is a "whim", which was used to haul the logs out of the bush, and other items connected with kauri logging.